The Life Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Charles DickensCharles Dickens was a nineteenth-century novelist who was and still isvery popular. He was born in Landport, a region of Portsmouth, on February 7,1812 (Kyle 1).Charles Dickens was the son of John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow. JohnDickens was a minor government official who campaigned in the Navy Pay Office.Through his work t here, he met Elizabeth and eventually married her. By 1821,when Charles was four months old, John Dickens could no longer afford the renton his ho enjoyment. John Dickens love to entertain his friends with drinks andconversation. Throughout his life, he was very brief of money and in debt. Heoften had to borrow money to pay off the debt and borrow to a greater extent money to pay offthe people he borrowed the money from. Later on, John Dickens was transferredagain to work in the naval dockyard at Chatman. It was here that CharlesDickens earliest and clearest memories were formed (Mankowitz 9-14).Charles education included being taug ht at home by his mother,attending a Dame School at Chatman for a short time, and Wellington Academy inLondon. He was further educated by reading widely in the British Museum(Huffam).In late 1822, John was postulate back at the London office, so they had tomove to London. This gave Charles opportunities to walk around the town with hisfather and take in the sights, sounds, and smells of the area. This gave himearly inspiration that he would use later on in his life when he started towrite (Mankowitz 13-14).James Lamert, the owner of a boot-blacking pulverisation, saw the conditionsthat the Dickens family was going through. He offered Charles a course there andhe was paid six shillings a week which was reasonable at that time. Soon, hewas moved downstairs in the sweatshop-like room. Charles had been working atthe factory for less than two weeks when his father was arrested for debt. Hewas sent to debtors prison where he did work to pay off his debt. John paid forCharles lodging, b ut Charles had to pay for his fodder and everything else withthe six shillings he earned every week. The details of London and of prisonlife were imprinting themselves into Dickens memory and would one day help himin the novels he wrote. After John was in prison for three months, his motherdied leaving him enough money to get out of debtors prison (Mankowitz 20-22).Late in Charles teens, he became a court reporter. This introduced himto journalism, and he also became interested in politics.

Comets :: Essays Papers

CometsWhat is Cometography? Cometography is a four-volume project I puddle been working on since the mid-1970s. Jump-started by comet Koh come inek of 1973-1974, I began researching comets and immediately found myself becoming more than and more intrigued by them. It was fascinating to read about comets that unexpectedly split, brightened, or faded. There were also interesting stories concerning the discovery circumstances of some comets, as easy as tales about how comets affected cultures. As I continued reading material I found that, back in 1967, the International Astronomical Union suggested that an with-it descriptive catalog of comets or cometography was needed. A committee was formed, exclusively in 1970 it reported, according to the words of Brian Marsden, that it would be very nice to digest a cometography, but that the effort required to produce such a catalog was great than the members of the committee could devote to it. Thus began my inspiration to re search and write Cometography, a preparedness of books devoted to adequately presenting the details of every comet seen in recorded history. The destruction complete work of this type was written by Alexander Guy Pingre. His twain volumes, called Cometographie, were published in 1783 and 1784, but are outright greatly out of date. Not only do they obviously lack the comets seen between 1784 and the present, but often(prenominal) of the original source material has been retranslated over the years, so that Pingres work is now inaccurate in places. Since the time of Pingre, two other books have been published tangible Characteristics of Comets, by S. K. Vsekhsvyatskii in 1958, and Comets A Descriptive Catalog, by myself in 1984. both of these books brought the 19th and 20th century comets to readers, but in a manner much more highly condensed than that of Pingre. They also only included those comets for which orbits had been computed. The vast grammatical constituent of Pi ngres work included comets for which orbits could not be determined, some of which have since been identified as previous, though poorly detect, appearances of Halleys comet, periodic comet Swift-Tuttle, and periodic comet dArrest. Cometography brings back the lesser observed comets, with the intention of providing all necessary details that might help future astronomers effectuate new comet identity links. To aid in the accuracy of Cometography I have tried to avoid Pingres books and the book of Vsekhsvyatskii.Comets Essays PapersCometsWhat is Cometography? Cometography is a four-volume project I have been working on since the mid-1970s. Jump-started by comet Kohoutek of 1973-1974, I began researching comets and immediately found myself becoming more and more intrigued by them. It was fascinating to read about comets that unexpectedly split, brightened, or faded. There were also interesting stories concerning the discovery circumstances of some comets, as well as tales about how comets affected cultures. As I continued reading I found that, back in 1967, the International Astronomical Union suggested that an up-to-date descriptive catalog of comets or cometography was needed. A committee was formed, but in 1970 it reported, according to the words of Brian Marsden, that it would be very nice to have a cometography, but that the effort required to produce such a catalog was greater than the members of the committee could devote to it. Thus began my inspiration to research and write Cometography, a set of books devoted to adequately presenting the details of every comet seen in recorded history. The last complete work of this type was written by Alexander Guy Pingre. His two volumes, called Cometographie, were published in 1783 and 1784, but are now greatly out of date. Not only do they obviously lack the comets seen between 1784 and the present, but much of the original source material has been retranslated over the years, so that Pin gres work is now inaccurate in places. Since the time of Pingre, two other books have been published Physical Characteristics of Comets, by S. K. Vsekhsvyatskii in 1958, and Comets A Descriptive Catalog, by myself in 1984. Both of these books brought the 19th and 20th century comets to readers, but in a manner much more highly condensed than that of Pingre. They also only included those comets for which orbits had been computed. The vast portion of Pingres work included comets for which orbits could not be determined, some of which have since been identified as previous, though poorly observed, appearances of Halleys comet, periodic comet Swift-Tuttle, and periodic comet dArrest. Cometography brings back the lesser observed comets, with the intention of providing all necessary details that might help future astronomers establish new comet identity links. To aid in the accuracy of Cometography I have tried to avoid Pingres books and the book of Vsekhsvyatskii.

Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein essays

Essay on wild-eyedism in Frankenstein All publications is influenced by the time period in which it was writtenwhether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to writecommentaries of political events, or comely describe the time period. Whether itis wise(p) or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspectsof the time period in which they are in. The Romantic Period had a tremendousinfluence on Marry Shellys writing of the novel, Frankenstein. The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700s was a timeof smashing change. The populace was moving into cities, and stack weredisillusi iodind by the expiry of nature and the living conditions in thecities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision theworld differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful,powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order,and religion without delay, it is in the writers imagination and po werful emotions. Thischange in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The RomanticMovement is one of the intimately important literary periods in history affecting theliterature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and actingwith emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writersaddress their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the commonman and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People wereseeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature.People wanted to envision life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions,whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies ofthe Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien. lord Fankenstien is a man with great inspiration, he is obsessed andself-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flawis his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to move into something, forwhic h he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistakeof his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he hashis catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. seek happinessin tranquillity, avoid ambition (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created acreature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society andhimself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates from present on. Victor is a output of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to peoplewith Victors characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are inscience and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal.Essay on Romanticism in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Frankenstein essays Essay on Romanticism in Frankenstein All literature is influenced by the time period in which it was writtenwhether it be war, poverty, or any other social trends. People tend to writecommentaries of political events, or just describ e the time period. Whether itis intentional or subconscious, an author cannot help to include some aspectsof the time period in which they are in. The Romantic Period had a tremendousinfluence on Marry Shellys writing of the novel, Frankenstein. The Industrial Revolution in England during the late 1700s was a timeof great change. The populace was moving into cities, and people weredisillusioned by the destruction of nature and the living conditions in thecities. In response to this disillusionment, people started to envision theworld differently than they had before. They saw nature as all beautiful,powerful, and perfect. Previously, the inspiration for literature was law, order,and religion now, it is in the writers imagination and powerful emotions. Thischange in the attitude of the people is called Romanticism. The RomanticMovement is one of the most important literary periods in history affecting theliterature, music, and art of the period. It encouraged spontaneity, and actingw ith emotions, not common sense. In the more classical style of writing, writersaddressed their books to the upper class, but now writers addressed the commonman and his problems. Their was a new feeling of spirituality. People wereseeking eastern concepts of nirvana, transcendentalism and being one with nature.People wanted to experience life, not study it. They seeked extreme emotions,whether they were good or bad. Marry Shelly used all of these philosophies ofthe Romantic Period in writing, Frankenstien. Victor Fankenstien is a man with great ambition, he is obsessed andself-centered. His life is the mirror of a Greed Tragedy. In his case, the flawis his excessive pride. This flaw causes Victor to rush into something, forwhich he is not prepared. He fulfills his ambition and makes the biggest mistakeof his life by creating a monster. Finally, just before Victors death, he hashis catharsis. He tells Robert his story and cleanses himself. seek happinessin tranquillity, avoid ambitio n (pg. 205) This paradox, that he created acreature to help society, but it turns out to be the undoing of society andhimself is an example of Victors self-centeredness. His life degenerates fromhere on. Victor is a product of the Industrial Revolution. In reaction to peoplewith Victors characteristics, the Romantic Period is born. His beliefs are inscience and the known world, which is the opposite of the Romantic ideal.

Customer Empowerment Essay -- Economics

Customer EmpowermentThe Choice is YoursThe Internet has permanently changed the relationship betweenconsumers and the retail industry. Electronic commerce has providedconsumers with more(pre no.inal) options, more alternatives and more opportunitiesthan ever before.Consumers are no longer limited to physically visiting main streetor big-box retailers. Instead, they are able to choose from productsand operate from companies large and small, located all over theworld, without leaving their homes.Tangible points of comparison between retailers, which now can beautomatically aggregated by software system buying agents in seconds, includemore than selection and price. Shipping costs, return policies,privacy practices and personalization of products are examples oftangible points of comparison.Equally as important are impalpable points of comparison, specificallythe customer hear. Everything from the look and feel of the homepage to the shopping and buying process defines this experie nce. Itencompasses everything the customer sees, clicks, reads, or otherwiseinteracts with. The customer experience is the notice to dotcom survival.Consider the options available at the Lands End Web site. Consumerscan browse the catalog online or shop with a friend, speak with acustomer articulation on the phone or online, create a model to tryon clothes virtually, ask questions about specific products, place anorder and address past orders. Concern over the customer experience hasclearly driven the design of the Lands End melodic phrase model, creatingnumerous options unavailable in the physical world.Of course, this overlooks the nigh powerful and fundamental option toconsumers on the Internet the ability to leave one store and enteranother within seconds. And if a satisfactory corrupt cannot be made,online auctions provide alternative shopping venues that directlycompete with many traditional retailers.Central to the creation of a positive, unique and personalizedshopping experience are technologies employed to remember customerpreferences. Tracked preferences help expedite, and sometimes fullyautomate, the shopping process while offering targeted marketing anddiscounts.Online chat, bulletin boards, substance abuser reviews, auction sites, consumerfeedback, online help and other customer-oriented features are als... ...e the price was just too high (because of the pricing error). Iasked him if he could change it and he said no. He also knew that theywould be throwing out the oranges soon if they didnt sell. Hisfrustration in not being able to correct such an obvious difficulty inhis own department was evident.The Lesson.I tell these two contrasting stories because they relate directly tocustomer satisfaction and scratchability as a sour of employeeempowerment. Two good grocery chains with two very differentapproaches to management.At Fresh Fields, every employee is aware of his or her impact onprofit and is empowered to take independent action t o maximize it.The decision to give two expensive cookies to a customer is not aninsignificant decision. It is a business decision that may influencethe relationship between a store and its customer.Unfortunately, it is a decision that most employees in traditionallymanaged organizations have no office staff to make.My hope is that these two examples will clearly show how customers andprofits can be won or lost when employees are enabled to takeownership of day-by-day problems. Once again, it just makes sense.

The Graduate and Plastics Essay -- Graduate Admissions Essays

The Graduate and Plastics   The Graduate is a 1967 film directed by mike Nichols who won an Oscar for his direction.  This hit of the 60s focuses on the development and the maturing of the ultra-na&239ve college graduate Benjamin Braddock.  This movie is about just one word...Plastics.  Mr. McQuire sums up this entire movie when he tells Ben that at that place is a great future in plastics.  In this film the relationships, except the one between Ben and Elaine, be like plastic because they are not real, they are molded, and they are artificial.    The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Robinson is shaky at best.  There is no love in their marriage in fact, the only reason there is a marriage is because Mrs. Robinson became pregnant with Elaine.  They dont sleep in the same room and in order for her to see Ben she just walks out of the house.  Ben finds this shocking because to an outsider their marriage seems unfluctuating and real but it isnt.  Their marriage is like plastic because although it appears solid, it is fab...

The Graduate and Plastics Essay -- Graduate Admissions Essays

The Graduate and Plastics   The Graduate is a 1967 film directed by Mike Nichols who won an Oscar for his direction.  This hit of the 60s focuses on the study and the maturing of the ultra-na&239ve college graduate Benjamin Braddock.  This movie is about just one word...Plastics.  Mr. McQuire sums up this entire movie when he tells Ben that there is a great future in plastics.  In this film the relationships, except the one between Ben and Elaine, are same plastic because they are not real, they are molded, and they are artificial.    The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Robinson is shivering at best.  There is no love in their marriage in fact, the only reason there is a marriage is because Mrs. Robinson became pregnant with Elaine.  They dont sleep in the same room and in order for her to see Ben she just walks out of the house.  Ben finds this shocking because to an outsider their marriage seems solid and real but it isnt.  Their m arriage is like plastic because although it appears solid, it is fab...

Huck Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

High Schools in the United States should not ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This apply is maven of the most important components of American literature in our libraries today, it throws the proofreader into a time when slavery was lawful and accepted, and gives the reader a new perspective on slavery in general. Until civil rights groups can come up with a better argument than the word nigger creating a hostile work environment(Zwick) it should not be taken off the indispensable reading list of any High School in the country. each one hundred years dialects change and what is considered politically correct, or socially acceptable, changes. David Bradley argues that if wed eradicated the problem of racism in our society, Huckleberry Finn would be the easiest book in the world to teach (Zwick, Jim. Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?). If we, as a nation, make it a block to rule out all books that could possibly offend students, then every hundred years or so our library of American Literature go out be completely different. Even today, modern day authors use vulgar language, lurid sexual content, and racial slurs to get their point across. If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is taken off of required reading lists across the country, then that could create a never-ending cycle of books being taken off of school shelves every time words and ideas get unacceptable. If this is the way that American society is turning then something must be done, and the Superintendents, Deans, and Principals of every High School around the country must take it upon themselves to do it because the students will not.The people who are trying to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are only trying to block out a part of American history that they would meet as soon be forgotten, only when every part of American history needs to be dealt with and accepted by everyone at a offspring age. Trying to shield students from any important part of history is a crime withi n itself. Hannibal, Missouri is a prime example of this type of crime. Every year they have a citywide celebration of Mark Twain, but they do not celebrate The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson nor do they teach it in their schools. Best stated by S sinfulnessy Fisher Fishkin, the theater company in Hannibal was upholding a long American tradition of making slavery and its legacy and blacks themselves nonvisual(Zwick, Jim. Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?). This just shows how foolish many parts of America can be they embrace him and call him a genius in one aspect, but they conveniently dont seem to notice his genius in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because they are too distracted by the language and actions of Huckleberry Finn himself.Just because a book has some funky content is not enough of a reason to ban a book, the general value of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn greatly overshadows any offensive language it may contain. It shows h ow the American public thought back then, their morals, and their way of life. It was simply they way they were brought up. In Chapter 32 of Huckleberry Finn Aunt Sally asks if anyone was hurt in a steamboat accident, Huck replies, Nom. Killed a nigger(Twain 167). The subject is then closed because no people were harmed, and in their minds, nobody was. That is something that cannot be expressed in a textbook or a teacher with the same degree of authenticity. The book immerses the student in a time where slavery was accepted. Teachers taught it, pastors preached it, mayors practiced it, and children saying absolutely nothing wrong with it because that is how they had been brought up. Huckleberry, however, was not raised proper and so had an almost completely clean head about the subject The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me but it was rough living in the house all the time (Twain 1). He saw Jim as a person and was even willing to go to hell to protect him. Just his use of the word nigger did not make him a bad person it was exactly the way people talked back in that period of time. The book tries to show that black people were just as human as white people and was probably the most blatant anti-slavery book of the time, many scholars consider it a staunchly antiracist novel(Zwick, Jim. Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?). If only that idea was appreciated today, the book would come across as a classic instead of a source of debate.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an avid anti-slavery novel, and despite flawed criticism from close-minded individuals, is one of the finest windows into a dark period of history that we all must deal with. One will not completely understand the way of life when slavery was accepted until they have read an entirely innocent and uncensored book written during that time and dealing with the topic of slavery.

Annexure

ANNEXURE I SIGNIFICANT CHANGES REFERRED TO IN PARA 4 OF THIS CIRCULAR sr. Subject Matter No. 1. Exemption from eligibility norms for making an IPO 2. Debarment Provision infra the rescinded Guidelines Exemption available to banking comp either, correspond new bank and infrastructure company. Company prohibited from making an issue of securities if it had been prohibited from accessing the jacket crown market under any order or direction passed by the Board. Provision under the ICDR Regulations Exemption removed.Eligibility norms do applicable uniformly to all types of issuers. Issuer non to make public issue or rights issue of specified securities if (a) the issuer, any of its promoters, promoter group or directors or persons in mesh of the issuer are debarred from accessing the working capital market by the Board (b) if any of the promoters, directors or persons in control of the issuer was or also is a promoter, director or person in control of any other company which is deb arred from accessing the capital market under any order or directions made by the Board.Provided for. 3. 4. 5. 6. Offer for sale by listed companies OTCEI Issues and E-IPO profligate allotment in public issues Reservation on competitive basis in public issues No provision. Contained in Chapter XIV and Omitted. Chapter XI A. Permitted. Omitted. (a) For Indian and many-sided (a) Omitted. development financial institutions, Indian mutual funds, foreign institutional investors and scheduled banks. b) For share toters of the (b) For shareholders (other than 6 7. promoters) in respect of listed promoting companies in promoting companies, in case the case of a new of a new issuer and listed group company and shareholders companies, in case of an of group companies in the existing issuer. case of an existing company. set aside building Book building process 75% book building route omitted. process through 75% or 100% of issue size. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.Allotment/ refund period of time in pub lic issues Disclosure of toll or price band Transfer of surplus bills in Green Shoe Option (GSO) Bank study Issue period for Infrastructure companies in public issues Currency of financial statements expose in the offer document 30 days for fixed price issues and 15 days for book built issues. Required in draft prospectus in case of fixed price public issues. Surplus money to be transferred to Investor Protection Fund of Stock Exchanges. 15 days for both fixed price and book built issues. not required to be expose in draft prospectus.Surplus money to be transferred to Investor Protection and Education Fund (IPEF) established by the Board. 21 days, as against 10 days Uniform period of 10 days for all for other issues. types of issuers. 13. 14. 15. Definition Key Management Personnel Disclosure on Not provided. pledge of shares by promoters Extent of Not explicit. Particulars as per audited Government and non-government financial statements not to be issuers treated at par. more than 6 months old from the issue opening date for all issuers, moreover Government companies.Defined. of Not defined. Provided for. Where 100% of the offer through 7 underwriting obligation 16. The term Financial Financial open to institution as a intromission interpretation. monitoring agency Definition of Includes permanent employee employee/ director of appurtenant or holding company of the issuer. Restrictions on If issue opening and closing adverts advertisement contained highlights, wherefore the advertisement required to contain happen factors. Forfeiture money unexercised warrants preferential issues of Open to interpretation. n in 17. 18. offer document is underwritten, underwriting obligations shall be for the entire get underwritten. The term financial Institution replaced by public financial institution or a scheduled commercial bank. Excludes permanent employee/ director of subsidiary or holding company of the issuer and promoters and immediate relatives of promo ters. If advertisement contains information other than the details specified in the format for issue advertisement, the advertisement shall contain risk factors. 19. 20. 21.Outstanding convertible instruments in case of initial public offer (IPO) Minimum promoters contribution 22. Issue period in case of public issues Where the warrant holder exercises his option to convert only some of the warrants held by him, upfront stipend made against only such warrants can be adjusted. The balance upfront payment made against the remaining unexercised warrants shall be forfeited. Compulsory conversion of Compulsory conversion of all outstanding convertible outstanding convertible instruments instruments and other rights held by any person. eld by promoters or shareholders. Could be brought in by Shall be brought in only by whose identity, promoters/ persons belonging promoters to promoter group/friends, photograph, etc are disclosed in the relatives and associates of offer document. promoter s. Issue period not clear in case Total issue period not to exceed 10 of edict in price band in days, including any revision in price book built public issues. band. 8 23. 24. 25.Pre-issue advertisement to be made after registering of prospectus/ red herring prospectus with Registrar of Companies before opening of the issue. uch as Only checklist to be attached. Documents to be Documents attached with memorandum of draw due diligence and articles of association of the company, audited balance certificate sheet, checklist for compliance with the rescinded Guidelines etc. Group The term group companies The term group companies companies not explained. explained. Timing of preissue advertisement for public issues Pre-issue advertisement to be made immediately after receipt of observations from the Board. 9ANNEXURE II APPLICABILITY OF THE ICDR REGULATIONS IN RESPECT OF DRAFT OFFER DOCUMENTS FILED UNDER THE RESCINDED GUIDELINES Sr. No. 1. Particulars Applicability of the ICDR Regulatio ns Draft offer documents filed, but Such draft offer documents would be considered as observations yet to be issued filed with the Board under the corresponding provisions of the ICDR Regulations. Merchant bankers by the Board may, however, be required to submit a checklist confirming compliance with the corresponding provisions of the ICDR Regulations.Observations issued by the Board under the rescinded Guidelines, but in-seriatim reply yet to be filed by merchant bankers (a) In-seriatim reply filed with the Board under the rescinded Guidelines (b) Offer document yet to be registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) / filed with the designated line of reasoning exchange (DSE), as the case may be In-seriatim reply shall be filed in terms of the ICDR Regulations and while doing so, merchant bankers shall submit a checklist, along with a confirmation that all the provisions of the ICDR Regulations crap been duly complied with.Merchant bankers shall be required to submit a check list, along with a confirmation that all the provisions of the ICDR Regulations have been duly complied with, before registering/ filing the offer document with the ROC/ DSE, as the case may be. 2. 3. 4. Offer document registered with Merchant bankers may proceed with the issue. the ROC / filed with the designated stock exchange, as the case may be

Improving The Design Of Buildings After 9 11 Environmental Sciences Essay

Following the terrorist onslaught on the New York World change over Center in 2001, this report card seeks to look into the design features that would heighten the dependablety of leggy buildings.Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire, informations have been self-possessed via electronic mails and by station from designers and civil applied scientists ( AEs ) in capital of capital of Singapore. Structured interviews were conducted with public governments.Findingss The consequences show that AEs perceive long-legged edifices to be by and large safe in footings of structural design, fire preventive diagnostics and agencies of rush. The consequences likewise show that AEs confirm the aim to punter the guard duty of proud edifices further, be doing an attempt to bend to the heightened sentry go concern, pass on give full support to enterprises to turn to heightened natural rubber concerns, forget bemuse to carry on hazard appraisal during the design s tage and bequeath welcome a performance-based design code. AEs do non predominate that edifices should be designed to live hydrocarbon fires or aircraft onslaughts. The conceive consequences further reveal that the four most potent methods to wagerer the recourse of grandiloquent edifices atomic number 18 contri andeing answer marks with illuming at floor degrees, a fragmentise design computer code for super tall edifices, supplying fire safety and deliverance floors, and the decentalisation of fire systems.Originality/value The importance of this paper is that it investigates the safety characteristics and travel that can cast some(a) plain radiation on heightening the safety of tall edifices. The influenceings whitethorn be used by constructing governments to explicate future travel and codifications to give out heighten the safety of tall edifices. Based on the findings, further research on each executable method of bettering the safety of tall edifices whitet horn be undertaken.The unprecedented wipe off of the New York World Trade Center ( WTC ) by terrorists on September 11, 2001 ( 9/11 ) signified new menaces to tall icon edifices and has conduct to heightened concerns over the safety facets of tall edifices. Present safety characteristics in tall edifices might be unequal in get bying with much(prenominal) hazards, particularly when real edifice design and building have concentrated on the much normal types of accidents and catastrophes that can bechance constructions and their residents. There may be a demand to do edifices to a greater extent robust and to justify better protection for a edifice s residents.After 9/11, some publicizes need to be addressed. For illustration, is it demand to guarantee that edifices be capable of defying the sort of impact suffered by the WTC? In reevaluating the hazards to the construct environment, should edifices be designed to defy aircraft onslaughts, or simply to guarantee that there is sufficient clip for the residents to evacuate before the edifice prostrations?The aims of this examine areto look into how safe tall edifices are/should be andto analyze the feasibleness of assorted methods to better the design of tall edifices to do them safer.The aims of designers and civil applied scientists ( AEs ) and relevant edifice governments in Singapore were obtained through a questionnaire study and interviews. Singapore is a relevant state for this survey to be conducted because it is a little city state, where land is scarce, and tower block, high-density life is the norm. Singapore besides likely has unrivalled of the highest concentrations of tall edifices per hectare of land in the universe.The importance of this paper is that it investigates the safety characteristics and move that can cast some visible radiation on heightening the safety of tall edifices. The findings may be used by constructing governments to explicate future steps and codifications to be tter heighten the safety of tall edifices. Based on the findings, remotether research on each executable method of bettering the safety of tall edifices may be undertaken.Proposed methods to better safety of tall edificesTo measure the deductions of 9/11, the regular army and the UK edifice governments and some other related government activity bureaus have established groups and undertaking forces consisting edifice experts around the universe. These groups and undertaking forces seek to place life-safety issues and suggest new methods to better the public presentation of future tall edifices and guarantee sufficient elimination clip for edifice residents.In planing edifices against menace, Mr Robert Prieto, of Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. , highlighted the three Rs of menace design Design to defy the menace. Design to react to the menace. Design to retrieve from the menace ( Post, 2001a ) . From a literature reappraisal, some of the methods that have been suggested by applied scientists and practicians in an attempt to better the safety public presentation of tall edifices are summarized in plank I.Column 2 of knock back I shows that there are 23 possible shipway to better the safety of tall edifices. These are categorized into five chief headersstructural design fire technology agencies of career stuffs engineering andcodifications and ordinances.How executable these methods will be is still unknown and remains to be determined. Therefore, this paper aims to happen come out of the closet the suitableness of these methods by proving them in the field.MethodologyThe survey comprised a hear study and structured interviews to garner the positions of AEs and edifice governments, severally. The intent of the study was to happen out AEs perceptual experiences of the safety of tall edifices in Singapore and the feasibleness of steps that could be adopted to better the safety degrees of tall edifices. The intent of the interviews was to analyze the edi fice governments attempts in turn toing the safety of tall edifices after 9/11.A questionnaire was designed for the study. The first subdivision of the questionnaire sought to find the profile and demographic inside informations of the respondents. In the 2nd subdivision, respondents were asked to rate the safety degree of tall edifices in Singapore ( V1 to V4 ) on a ten- orient Likert graduated table, where 1 denotes very insecure , 5 denotes satisfactory and 10 denotes really safe . They were besides asked to rate the efficiency of these edifices to defy accidents and onslaughts ( V5 to V6 ) on a five-point Likert graduated table, where 1 denotes strongly dis fit in , 3 denotes neither agree nor disagree and 5 denotes strongly agree . The respondents positions on the heightened safety concern and the critical issues related to 9/11 ( V7 to V16 ) were besides obtained utilizing the aforesaid(prenominal) five-point Likert graduated table. The third subdivision sough t to find the feasibleness and applicability of the methods uncovered from the literature reappraisal. Respondents were asked to bespeak whether they thought the proposed method should be adopted, non adopted, or were diffident. They were besides encouraged to notice and give grounds for their responses. The complete mail study bundle comprised a screen missive, the questionnaire and a stamped, self-addressed and envelope. Data for the study were collected via electronic mail, surface mail and telephone.AEs were targeted for the study because the work that they do is genuine relevant to constructing safety. Eighty and 160 questionnaires were sent to randomly selected AEs in the public and private sectors, severally. Public-sector AEs were identified through the Singapore Government s published directory. Private-sector AEs were obtained from profits Yellow Pages ( 2002a, B, degree Celsius ) .Besides the study, structured interviews were conducted with authorities functionaries fr om the Building and Construction Authority ( BCA ) and the Fire Safety and Shelter Bureau ( FSSB ) . The intent of the interviews was to happen out their attempts in turn toing the safety of tall edifices. The BCA was selected because it is the chief regulator of Singapore s building industry ( Building and Construction Authority, 2002a, B ) . The FSSB is the local warrant in fire safety and bomb shelter ordinances ( Singapore Civil Defence Force, 2002 ) . E-mails explicating the intent of the research were sent to the governments to bespeak permission to carry on the interviews. Agreements for the interview Sessionss were so made with interviewees who were involved in the reappraisal of edifice safety after 9/11.Survey consequences and informations analysisThirty-four questionnaires were received, giving an overall response rate of 14 per centum. The public sector response rate ( 28 per centum ) was higher than the private sector response rate ( 8 per centum ) . The redeeming(pr enominal) response rate from public-sector respondents may be because the several Human Resource Departments agree to administer the questionnaires. The low response rate from the private sector respondents may be because these AEs felt that their chief duty is to follow the design codifications, and it is up to the authorities to alter the codifications. To improver the response rate, phone calls were made to the AEs to bespeak their engagement. Unfortunately, some of the mark respondents were unremarkably busy or administrative staff were loath to set the calls through.The profile of the respondents is summarized in Table II. It can be seen that the bulk of the respondents held of age(p) places in their organisations. The bulk of the respondents were applied scientists, and m either of them were from the public-sector lodging authorization. Furthermore, the bulk of the respondents ( 79 per centum ) had worked in the building industry for more than five old ages. This would do t heir feedback more accurate and dependable. Almost all the respondents ( 88 per centum ) had been involved in the building of tall residential edifices. The public-sector respondents focused more on residential edifices, while the private-sector respondents were more involved in tall commercial edifices.We now describe the profile of the interviewees. The interviewee from the BCA was a senior director who had a civil technology grade. Prior to come to ining the BCA, he had worked in the building industry for 25 old ages and was involved in the building of major substructure and edifice undertakings. The FSSB interviewee held a sheepskin in stuffs and measures in add-on to his civil technology grade. He had worked in the FSSB for more than 15 old ages and was involved in reexamining the Fire Code. The positions of these capable affair experts ( SMExperts ) were corporal in the relevant treatment subdivisions.Datas were entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) package for analysis. Average evaluations for all the variables were calculated ( Table III, column 3 ) . A one-sample t-test of the close was carried out to look into whether the population would hold with the variables surveyed. For variables V1 to V4, the void hypothesis ( H 0 ) that tall edifices are regarded as insecure and the alternate hypothesis ( H 1 ) that tall edifices are regarded as safe are set out as H 0. I?a5. H 1. I? & gt 5. I? is the population mean, and is taken as 5 on a ten-point evaluation graduated table.For variables V5 to V16, the void hypothesis that respondents disagree with the variable and the alternate hypothesis that respondents agree with the variable are set out as H 0. I?a3. H 1. I? & gt 3. The degree of significance ( I ) was set at 0.05. If the deliberate p-value is greater than or equal to 0.05, H 0 is non rejected and the consequence is non important. If the p-value is less than 0.05, H 0 is rejected and the consequence is important beyond the 5 per centum degree. The consequences are shown in Table III ( columns 4 and 5 ) .An independent samples t-test was carried out to find whether the public and private sector respondents shared the same positions on the variables surveyed or otherwise. The degree of significance ( I ) was besides set at 0.05. The nothing and alternate hypotheses are H 0. I? public=I? private. H 1. I? publica I? private. When H 0 is non rejected, it is concluded that there is no difference in the average evaluations by both sectors. The rejection of H 0 agencies that both sectors of the building industry have differing positions with regard to the variable being tested. Levene s Test was used to look into for equality of discrepancies between the two groups of respondents ( antiquated and Kinnear, 1997 ) . It was found that there was no important difference, and hence a pooled estimation of the population discrepancy was used. The consequences of the t-test of the difference between agencies are given in Table III ( columns 6-9 ) . The consequences show that there is no important difference between the positions of public and private sector respondents except for point V16. In point V16, both public and private sector professionals dis concur that tall edifices should be designed to defy aeroplane onslaughts, but private sector professionals dis concord to a greater extent.In the 3rd subdivision of the questionnaire, the respondents indicated whether a suggested step should be implemented ( agree ) , non implemented ( disagree ) or they are diffident about its pertinence in bettering the safety of tall edifices. The consequences are shown in Table I ( columns 4-7 ) . The four most popular methods aresupply issue marks with illuming at floor degrees supply a separate design codification for ace high-rise edifices supply fire safety and deliverance floors andsupply a decentralized fire system.These consequences are now discussed.How safe tall edifices are/should beThe one-s ample t-test consequences ( Table III ) show that in general, the respondents are of the sentiment that tall edifices in Singapore are safe ( V1 ) . They besides have more than equal structural design ( V2 ) , fire safety ( V3 ) and means of pip ( V4 ) . Among the four safety appraisal of tall edifices, the average safety evaluation for structural design is highest at 7.88. Respondents felt that this facet of the edifice is the most earnestly considered in guaranting the safety of edifices. In add-on, tall edifices will be able to defy normal accidents ( V5 ) , but will take place in upon an aircraft onslaught ( V6 ) .The above consequences may be biased towards the sentiments and perceptual experiences of the respondents. This is because the population surveyed is likely to react that edifices are safe because they are involved in the design procedure, and stating that a edifice is insecure brings into inquiry their design patterns. In add-on, a big per centum of public functiona ries responded to this study. These public functionaries can non be seen to hold no assurance in the safety of tall edifices when they have a accountability of attention to normal citizens.Of the 10 steps proposed ( V7-V16 ) , six ( V7, V9, V10, V11, V13, V14 ) are significantly of import ( p & lt 0.05 ) . Respondents felt that there is a important demand to better the safety of tall edifices ( V7 ) . Consistent with this response, the respondents disagreed that tall edifices do non necessitate extra safety steps ( V12 ) . This shows that there is room for betterment and supports the demand to heighten edifice safety.Respondents felt that they have the expertness to better the safety of tall edifices ( V9 ) . The findings are promoting. It shows that AEs have the proficient capableness to do tall edifices even safer. The respondents besides agreed that they have made an attempt to turn to the heightened safety concern ( V10 ) . In add-on, they will give fullest support to the buil ding industry to turn to the safety of edifices ( V11 ) . However, this issue is non their chief concern ( V8 ) , possibly because the tall edifices are already structurally safe ( V2 ) .Respondents agreed that there is a demand for hazard appraisals to be conducted on tall edifices during the design stage ( V13 ) . These hazard appraisals will help edifice inner(a) decorators in placing the likely menaces faced by edifices ( Broughton, 2002 Linn, 2002 ) . Buildings are so designed to turn to the menaces to heighten their safety public presentation.Respondents besides agreed that a performance-based codification might supply better safety counsel than the normative codification for tall edifices ( V14 ) . The SMExperts revealed that the governments have already recognized the demand for a performance-based codification because it offers more flexibleness to interior decorators. For alone edifices such as airdromes and large-sized indoor bowls, interior decorators may non be able t o use the conventional normative codifications straight.The findings show that respondents are opposed to planing edifices to defy hydrocarbon fires ( V15 ) and aircraft onslaughts ( V16 ) . This may be because it will be to a fault expensive to construct such constructions, when the menace is improbable and unpredictable. SMExperts confirmed that edifices are designed based on possible saddle events and believable jeopardies. Aircraft onslaught is non a sufficiently believable jeopardy to be considered in the design of edifices, and therefore edifice codifications do non necessitate that such events be considered for edifices in Singapore. The deduction is that edifices may non defy such utmost impact, particularly in the presence of the resulting fires because these constructions have non been designed for such menaces.SMExperts emphasized that it is more executable to concentrate on other signifiers of menaces such as truck and handheld bombs, which are physically transported b y human existences. Resources should be directed towards air power and other security steps instead than to beef uping edifices against aircraft impact.Fire in edifices is a believable jeopardy which has been addressed in most edifice design. Harmonizing to the SMExperts, if edifices are improbable to see any menace posed by jet fuel, edifices need non be designed to defy hydrocarbon fires.How to plan safer tall edificesA ranking of the feasibleness of the proposed methods, based on the per centum of respondents who agreed with the method, is shown in Table I ( column 7 ) . For the intent of this survey, a proposed method is considered executable to do tall edifices safer when more than 50 per centum of the respondents agreed with it. Twelve methods are found to be executable and are discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions.Structural designFour possible methods to better the safety of tall edifices through structural design were proposed. 1 of these was found to be acceptable by more than 50 per centum of the respondents ( see Table I ) . The bulk of the respondents agreed with hardening of stairwells ( point 1.3 ) against germinate impact. Strong stairwells are of import because flight stairwaies are the chief agencies by which edifice residents evacuate from edifices in an want. Existing codifications normally permit the engagement of dryboards and masonry for stairwell enclosures, and these are susceptible and more prone to damage. This will do flight stairwaies to be blocked by fallen stuffs from stairwell groynes. Reinforced cover walls will hold higher opportunities of lasting a blast onslaught. It is recommended that codifications be changed to indurate stairwells.The bulk of the respondents did non hold with supplying prostration floors ( point 1.1 ) , which would be provided between, regulate every 10 floors, to transport the weight of the dust of the floors that prostration above it, and act as a arrest to progressive prostration ( Lane a nd Clark, 2001 ) . whatever respondents felt that prostration floors impose significant structural demands for illustration, closely separated columns of larger sizes may be needful.The bulk of the respondents did non hold with the proviso of a sacrificial facade ( power point 1.2 ) . In this system, there is an exterior wall, a perpendicular air pocket behind it and another structural wall indoors. The exterior wall is designed to absorb blast impact and contain harm, and act as a first line of defense mechanism for the edifice s structural unity ( Nadel, 2002 ) . Some respondents felt that this system may give architectural the look of edifices and blockade the positions of the residents. Furthermore, the facade may necessitate to be spaced far apart from the internal wall for effectivity, and this would take up valuable unnumbered.Respondents besides did non hold that ominous tonss should non be allowed on roofs ( point 1.4 ) . In the WTC towers, heavy tonss were placed on the roofs to stabilise the edifices wind-induced sway, but these could be a conducive factor to the prostration ( Building, 2001b ) . Some respondents felt that it is the norm to use rooftop infinite to base works and equipment such as lift motor suites and H2O armored combat vehicles, and interior decorators may confront the job of re-siting edifice services if rooftop infinite is non utilised. Furthermore, for practical grounds, some M & A E systems rely on gravitative force per unit area to work.Fire technologyFour possible methods to better the safety of tall edifices through fire technology were proposed. Three of these were found to be acceptable by more than 50 per centum of the respondents ( see Table I ) .Astaneh-Asl s ( 2002 ) probe of the WTC prostration revealed that the firefighting systems were centralized at the stairway nucleus. This bunching together of the services meant that when that location was hit, the whole firefighting system may hold failed. He hence rec ommended that sprinkler pipes, moisture and dry risers should be decentralized, and placed at different locations of the edifice. Respondents agreed with the method ( item 2.3 ) , but some cautioned that this would take to increase in cost.A sum of 61 per centum of the respondents agreed that supplying burden get holdors ( point 2.4 ) is executable, and may increase the safety of tall edifices. Load detectors can be used to understand and supervise edifice behaviour. Prompt action could be taken and pinch forces alerted one time information is fed to the monitoring system. Furthermore, burden detectors, if decently developed, are utile tools in supplying warning signals to determine whether edifices are safe for entry during an exigency event. This would supply better protection to firemans and exigency forces, as they are able to measure the hazard of partial or entire prostration of a edifice under menace.A sum of 53 per centum of the respondents agreed that supplying a separate firemans stairway is executable ( item 2.1 ) . In the WTC incident, firemans running up the stairwells rushed headfirst into office workers who were hotfooting surmount on the same steps ( Post et al. , 2001 ) . Respondents who objected to a separate firemans stairway argued that the current fire codification already has a dedicated lift for usage by firemans. The infinite required for a firemans stairway might be indefensible as this reduces salable infinite and may imply excess building and thrill costs. One respondent questioned how edifice residents could be prevented from utilizing this stairway during an exigency.Respondents did non hold to planing redundancy in fire systems ( item 2.2 ) . This may be because excess standpipes for firefighting, separate fire pump suites, excess sprinkler systems, excess fire dismay systems, and double fire bid Centres will necessarily take to be addition. Some respondents weighed the pertinence of this method against cost effectivity, lo ng-run care, cost and clip of installing and other options.Meanss of flightNine possible methods to better the safety of tall edifices through agencies of flight were proposed. Six of these were accepted by more than 50 per centum of the respondents ( see Table I ) .A sum of 63 per centum of the respondents agreed that wider stairwaies might be necessary for tall edifices ( item 3.3 ) because these could suit more people to rush up emptying. Unfortunately, wider stairwaies would increase cost and cut down gross due to reduced salable floor infinite. There is besides debate sing cut downing the standard breadths of stairwaies because there is rarely a demand to evacuate the whole edifice at one clip, as normally merely occupants on stray floors in the affected country demand to be evacuated ( Post and Angelo, 2001 ) .Supplying issue marks with illuming at floor degree ( item 3.4 ) received the most support from the respondents. Well-marked and lit marks are cardinal constructing desi gn characteristics that facilitated the emptying of many a(prenominal) edifice residents at the WTC Towers ( Federal Emergency Management Agency/American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002 ) . Such a safety characteristic would hold the extra advantage of assisting residents in following flight paths if they have to creep on the floor. However, certain issues need to be addressed, such as the care of issue marks near floor degree, which are capable to more wear and tear and hooliganism.The construct of fire safety and deliverance floors is appealing to the respondents ( point 3.5 ) . Fireproof refuge countries can harbor people in the center of an emptying and service as deliverance points ( Post, 2001a ) . These countries should non incorporate furniture, and are designed to be wholly fireproof. Some respondents commented that proprietors may non hold to supply these countries as they can non bring forth gross but alternatively incur care costs.A sum of 58 per centum of the responde nts agreed to the proviso of extra stairwaies in tall edifices ( item 3.6 ) . Similarly, some respondents are concerned about infinite and cost. Some suggested that the inning of stairwaies be increased merely at lower floors to provide to the big Numberss of falling residents from upper floors. This could forestall congestion and easiness emptying, peculiarly in exigency instances affecting mass emptying of residents. This suggestion is a good via media between cost and safety.Fifty-six per centum of the respondents perceived sky Bridgess to be executable in edifices ( item 3.8 ) . Besides being an alternate flight path, sky Bridgess could function as normal entree between edifices. Twenty-six per centum of the respondents did non favor sky Bridgess in position of the possibility that the construction of the sky Bridgess might be affected when a edifice was under menace. Besides, sky Bridgess could be a agency to let the mete out of fire to the other edifice. A sky span that is o verloaded with escapees may fall in, doing more human deaths. Some respondents, peculiarly designers, were concerned about the aesthetics of edifices.Seventy per centum of the respondents agreed that rooftop helipads could increase the safety of tall edifices ( item 3.9 ) because residents trapped in the upper floors of tall edifices can be rescued. However, there is a kick to the figure of residents that can be rescued utilizing choppers. This construct may besides be impractical because the human arguing is to fall instead than go up to upper floors during exigency events. Furthermore, deliverance by choppers requires particular deliverance squads and accomplishments, which might non be readily available.The bulk of the respondents did non hold that fireproof lifts ( point 3.1 ) would heighten the safety of tall edifices. The chief concerns are the supply of electricity to power lifts, the demand to protect against power failure during fire, and agencies of flight if lifts fail . Some respondents pointed out that big crowds waiting at lift anterooms may do pandemonium during emptying. However, some respondents suggested that lifts are utile to evacuate the disableds, the aged and kids.Mr Jeremy Hodge, of Building Research Establishment Ltd, believed that another answer to get awaying to safety is the installing of flight chutes, which would non take up much room but would enable people to skid to the bottom really apace ( Lane, 2001a ) . In this survey, half the respondents felt that flight chutes were executable ( item 3.2 ) . Respondents suggested that the stuff used for the flight chutes must be fire-retardant and lasting, particularly if the system is deployed out in the unfastened. Escape chutes functioning single floors might be more efficient, and the issue points of the chutes must be decently controlled. Of the respondents that did non hold to this method, some felt that this flight means is non suited for the aged and kids. Skiding down from gr eat highs entails high kinetic energy, and people may be injured when residents collide into one another during the slew procedure.The bulk of the respondents besides did non hold with inward emptying ( item 3.7 ) . The chief ground for the protest is that residents might be trapped in the edifice. Furthermore, the human inclination would be to fly an onslaught site and people would be unwilling to wait inside a damaged edifice to be saved ( Post, 2001a ) . This expostulation by Singapore respondents is surprising because Singapore already has in topographic point an inward emptying system, in the signifier of bomb shelters being built in each high-rise flat.Behaviour of stuffs under utmost temperatureThree possible methods to better the safety of tall edifices through improved stuffs engineering were proposed. no(prenominal) of them were considered executable by the bulk of the respondents ( see Table I ) .Blast-resistant glazing may cut down casualties originating from winging g lass in the event of a blast ( Madine et al. , 2001 ) but less than 50 per centum of the respondents agreed with utilizing it to better the safety of tall edifices ( item 4.1 ) . Some respondents questioned the extent of protection, particularly in the event of an aircraft or bomb onslaught.One school of idea is to beef up window systems by cramping their corners, so that glass is more hard to interrupt ( Madine et al. , 2001 ) . However, the respondents in the present survey did non hold with this ( item 4.2 ) . One respondent warned of the possibility of over design with immense connexion inside informations, when the beef uping consequence may be limited.Madine et Al. ( 2001 ) suggested adhering the glass into window frames for greater strength as the blast burden could be transferred to the construction of the edifice. Again, respondents were non agreeable to this ( item 4.3 ) . Some respondents considered blast-resistant glazing more effectual than adhering the glazing into wi ndow frames to control blast impact, as the strength of glass panel itself is more important. There might be troubles in building and assembly of such Windowss, in position of factors such as thermic consequence and enlargement articulations.Codes and ordinancesThree possible methods to better the safety of tall edifices through amendments of codifications and ordinances were proposed. Two of these were accepted by more than 50 per centum of the respondents ( see Table I ) .Respondents did non hold to the infliction of a height bound on edifices ( item 5.2 ) . This is consistent with old surveies ( Angelo, 2001 Forgey, 2001 Galloway, 2001 ) . In land-scarce metropoliss, holding inflexible height bounds does non let the optimum usage of land. A height bound imposed on a edifice may forestall developers from tap returns on investing.The bulk of the respondents agreed that codifications may necessitate to be revised to supply for longer flight clip ( item 5.1 ) . Some respondents s aid that when stipulating the flight clip several factors have to be considered, such as flight waies and obstructors, occupant features ( aged, kid, handicapped, etc. ) and the location of the last undivided to get away from the edifice, whether this individual is on the highest floor or at the remotest location in the edifice. It was suggested that the flight clip, if implemented, should bind in with the fire structural demands of edifices.Seventy-nine per centum of the respondents agreed that a really tall edifice should hold a separate design codification ( item 5.3 ) . The chief ground is its possible as a mark for terrorists and a long emptying clip ( Post et al. , 2001 ) . Having a separate design codification may be a good via media between safety and cost, since the codification allows a high appraisal attack to constructing design.The SMExpert from the FSSB said that his organisation has programs to revise the Fire Code every five old ages. Code demands will be refined an d amended to take likely terrorist menaces into consideration. Any lacks in edifice demands that may allow terrorist Acts of the Apostless will be identified, and betterments made. The FSSB will besides implement a codification of behavior for firemans in measuring the fortunes for them to come in a edifice under menace. In the USA, security-related codifications and criterions are besides being reviewed ( Ichniowski, 2001 Lane, 2001b Maas, 2001 Pearson, 2001b ) .DecisionIn the wake of 9/11, the issue of safety in tall edifices was brought into greater focal point. In measuring the safety of tall edifices originating from the 9/11 incident, this survey sought the positions of AEs and edifice governments in the building industry in Singapore.While the respondents in this survey in general perceived tall edifices in Singapore to be safe, there may be sample prejudice because the respondents were involved in the design of edifices and many are public functionaries. Notwithstanding t his, with rigorous authorities ordinances, all edifice designs reference functionality, lastingness and fit-for-purpose affairs. The governments interviewed attributed the good safety records of edifices to strict conformity with edifice codifications and an efficient firefighting squad. Notwithstanding this, AEs felt that it is of import to farther better edifice safety ( V7 ) . This survey besides found that edifices in Singapore can defy normal edifice accidents, but are likely to fall in upon aircraft onslaught.This paper found that AEs ( see Table III ) have the necessary expertness to better edifice safety ( V9 ) are doing an attempt to turn to heightened safety concerns ( V10 ) will give full support to enterprises to turn to heightened safety concerns ( V11 ) agree to carry on hazard appraisal during the design stage ( V13 ) andwill welcome a performance-based design codification ( V14 ) .These findings indicate that the attack to constructing design may hold to alter after 9/11. While bing designs are equal, respondents besides felt that extra safety steps are necessary ( V12 ) . However, there is no demand to overreact to the point of guaranting that all edifices can defy hydrocarbon fires ( V15 ) and aircraft onslaughts ( V16 ) .The paper contributes to knowledge by bring outing that the four most effectual methods to better the safety of tall edifices are supplyingissue marks with illuming at floor degrees a separate design codification for super tall edifices fire safety and deliverance floors anddecentalisation of fire systems.Eight other steps were besides found to be executable ( see Table I ) . A height bound on edifices and limitation of burdens on roof are the most unwanted steps.Future surveies on bettering the design of tall edifices may do usage of these findings. It is recommended that farther surveies into the strength decrease of stuffs subjected to intense fires should be carried out. This is because constructions may be able to def y the impact of aircraft onslaught, but may finally neglect after a decrease in their stuff belongingss with lifting temperature.While many of the methods proposed may be able to better the safety of edifices, increased cost is a critical concern ( Leftly and Lane, 2001 ) . Before the alterations materialize in the codifications, it is necessary to find whether the building industry is able to absorb the new steps and whether AEC professionals and clients are convinced of the demand to beef up edifices further. Safety steps proposed must be practical without doing edifice proprietors bear unneeded costs. Besides seeking to do edifices stronger by supplying redundancy or more back-up beds, it is recommended that the relevant parties explore and detect new agencies to contend fire.Finally, it is of import to look at edifice safety as a whole system alternatively of supplying bit-by-bit back-up beds or increasing the border of safety. Ultimately, each edifice may hold a alone solution depending on factors such as cost, infinite, proficient, economical and political issues. A balance between realistic costs and highly improbable events should be maintained.Table IPossible methods to better the safety of tall edificesTable IIProfile of respondentsTable IIIResults of study and statistical trials

Market Research †Case Study Spaghetti Fettuccini Essay

1. Establish the goals of research that should be veritable.There atomic number 18 several goals of research that should be developed for Fettuccini S.A.. First of all, they need to properly analyze their current situation and know especially the Spanish consumers behaviour and expectations in order to hold their product to the commercialises demands. Also, they need to escort their potential new costumers. They also need to analyze their competition, get to know what products and at what price they are interchange and what are the competitors weaknesses so that they can get strategic advantage out of their position.The friendship has some experiences with selling whole scintilla pasta, but they need to test their new products, especially the new pasta product line since it is a fresh product. Fettuccini S.A. also needs to recall out if they should open their own points of sales or if they should rather focus on distribution to existing shops. Finally, they need to establis h a marketing system in order to know what kind of advertisement is the most suitable and effective for their business, and the way in which they want to transmit their messages.As the company had problems with timely delivery and their service in general before, it would definitely be necessary to investigate also nigh these two points. They are not acceptable and essential be improved once the reasons for both of these weaknesses are figured out.Another problem which should be resolved by investigating within the company is the companys structure itself it is not efficient since the different departments are located in different areas of Spain. Such a decentralized management is not vigorous enough for a company of Fettuccinis size and produces too high costs.2. Through the Internet, conduct a research to determine the supplemental market for fresh pasta and define the main competitors of our company.The Fettuccini Company has already investigated on the secondary distributi on of some new products such as pertly prepared pasta in order to diversify their offer, which was marketed in the fast-food restaurants of an accredited company in Madrid. Since the primary market for Fettuccini S.A. is the public administration, I would consider the following possible secondary private markets. An estimation of the world pasta production gives us an idea of the positioning of the Spanish pasta market. The estimated world pasta production in 2012 has been around 13.5 million tonnes, distributed as follows1Spain has produced 252,208 tons and is ranked on the 13th position of the global pasta producers while number one, Italy, has produced 3,316,728 tons. As far as the pasta consumption is concerned, Italy dominates with 26.0 kg/ capita, while Spain only consumes 5.0 kg/ capita2. Although the pasta market in Spain is not as huge as in Italy, there is still enough potential for successful production and distribution of pasta products.The main competitors of Fettuccin i S.A. come mainly from Italy and are companies uniform Buitoni with 22% of the market share, El Pavo, Rana or Gallo with a 10% of the total market share3. Other smaller competitors could possibly be Gusti dItalia S.R.L., self Internationl S.R.L. or Tomasicchio Giuseppe4.The secondary market for fresh pasta products in Spain is on counter, which would be through chains serving fresh products such as Nostrum, Fresco etc., and also the traditional restaurants serving fresh pasta. Another big secondary market for fresh pasta are supermarkets5. Furthermore, specialized small shops selling food to take away for example should also be taken into account as potential customers. Delicatessen shops and restaurants can also be kindle partners for Fettuccini S.A. since both are offering high quality and exclusive fresh products. Another big secondary market are companies who offer provide or lunch service for their employees, and who might be interested in receiving daily fresh pasta dishes . The big opportunity for Fettuccini S.A. in this secondary market is that they produce in Spain, which means they should be able to deliver a lot faster and at a more competitive price.3. lay out the qualitative technique that you will use and introduce a dash of qualitative questions.In order to obtain data and useful information about what Fettuccini S.A. can expect from their potential market, get to know the preferences of their costumers and establish themselves in the market, they could use several qualitative techniques such as focus groups, triads, dyads, in-depth interviews, constant observation, bulletin boards, and ethnographic participation/observation.But due to the problem that many of these techniques are not only expensive, but especially time-consuming and the responses might be difficult to interpret, Fettuccini S.A. should in my opinion work with focus groups and combine the results with the results obtained from observation in points of sales, for example.Both for the focus groups and for the observations in points of sales, this could be combined with let people taste the fresh pasta products and afterwards asking them specific questions.

Interactive Learning Essay

E-Learning reaches beyond traditional face-to-face classroom learning environments by combining belief and the Internet so students have the option of learning in a different modality. E-Learning uses technological devices and computing machine software applications to economize the curriculum. The instructor uses the Internet to deliver the curriculum over methods and applications like Web-based training (WBT), figurer-based training (CBT), synchronous, and asynchronous classroom modalities, and digital delivery. Students learn through self-paced or instructor-led delivery. E-Learning Purposes and CharacteristicsThe purpose of e-Learning is combining technology and discourse to provide an alternate method for students to earn a degree without physically beting a traditional classroom setting or academic institution). E-Learning is on hand(predicate) for academic progress from grade school through doctoral degrees. E-Learning teaches sequentially so student learning builds upon the previous curriculum. E-Learning makes learning fun for the students by alter the curriculum. Instructors combine imagery and content that creates student attention and engages moveion so students retain the material . Students receive agile feedback so they can turn assumptions and misunderstandings. E-Learning encourages students interact with each other by using chat rooms, instant messaging, e-mail, and discussion forums to communicate with other students and the e-Learning instructor). E-Learning BenefitsE-Learning easily accommodates numerous delivery and learning styles globally. Students have appliance and flexibility within the e-Learning modality that traditional classrooms lack). Students have several options to select among the different e-Learning modalities thereby creating a student-centric learning environment catering to his or her take urriculum and supporting classroom materials through the Internet. Flex-net classes combine online and face-to-face instr uction. Ease of location and convenience is crucial to e-Learning students because the only requirement to attend class is a computer with Internet accessibility and straight-laced hardware and software applications Students can attend class anywhere in theworld that has access to the Internet. E-Learning allows students the ability to work full-time, part-time, or stay-at-home while earning a degree. E-Learning reduces expenses for students because they do not have to pay for gas, parking, or vehicle maintenance Another convenience factor is the pace of the e-Learning classes. Students attend class by setting their own pace of learning. The self-directed learning allows students to complete and submit assignments within the deadlines while maintaining an book comfort level so to reduce unnecessary stress E-Learning ChallengesSome of the challenges for e-Learning students are the same as the benefits. These challenges include flexibility, the lack of a traditional classroom, self- motivation, and accountability. Students need a computer with proper hardware, software, and Internet accessibility connections to attend e-Learning courses . They also need a working knowledge of the computer and intermediate to advanced computer skills.Students need self-discipline, time precaution skills, and good study habits to attend an e-Learning class or they may fail (E-Learning, 2011). Students also needing face-to-face interactions may find that e-Learning is not beneficial because of the lack of communion and interpersonal skills. They cannot work alone because of a lack of self-motivation. Another challenge is the global aspect, as some students may believe this hinders networking opportunities because of professional applications E-Learning instructional MethodsInstructional methods to use within e-Learning include incorporating technology, teaching, and interactive learning specific to the audience into each lesson plan curriculum. The lesson plan needs course relat ed objectives, organized material, and favorable navigation. The course should not exceed one hour of CBT . Instructional springs often create a storyboard to organize materials and include student activities like games into the lesson plan. Storyboards allow the designer a visual re instauration of the web pages of the curriculum so to identify missing content or kinks easilyOnce the designer creates the storyboard or outline, the presentation canvary by adding text, audio, video clips, and animation to help students retain information visually and orally . The incorporation of visual and oral content must(prenominal) reflect the subject matter into the context use and expand on existing knowledge levels among the studentsQuizzes, games, and discussions help students use critical thinking skills to identify the correct response by combining visual representations with content Interactions with different outcomes allow the designer to incorporate web-based games. Students watch a video game and select the appropriate animated action response as a best solution to the learning they receive. These selections create a final game scenario that the instructor grades from correct moves The immediate grade and feedback allow the student to learn and correct mistakes. ConclusionE-Learning eliminates the boundaries of traditional classroom learning to reach a global environment. E-Learning combines teaching, communication, and the Internet so students sleep together learning and engage within classroom activities . Students decide which e-Learning platform to attend based on their learning preferences. Instructors vary the content and incorporate text, video, animation, and audio so students retain content through visual and oral methodsThe most popular benefits to e-Learning include a globally diverse student body, convenience, flexibility, self-motivation, and self-paced curriculum). The challenges include needing a computer with appropriate Internet accessibilit y, a working knowledge of the computer, solid study habits, self-discipline, and accountability. The student may fail the course without possessing these items and traits.

Awakening: the Role Model

In Kate Chopins The Awakening, Edna Pontellier continuously struggles with breaking the social norms that are imposed upon her by the people around her including her own friends and husband. Through egress the novel, Edna is able to chip herself from the animatenessstyle that society appoints her by emulating Mademoiselle Reisz, an breakaway woman who has lived her life without con random variableing to society. Mademoiselle Reisz is not all a model for Ednas awakening, besides she also represents the lightdom and individuality that Enda wishes she could attain.Through imitating Reisz, Enda realizes the woman she is capable of becoming, but later learns that she cannot truly be an independent woman because of her differences from Mademoiselle Reisz. The affinity between Edna and Reisz is constructed on the artistic connection between the two characters. Enda, a painter, is very fond of Reiszs musical talent. Edna specifically likes one of Reiszs songs that she calls solitude. Chopin writes, The name of the order was something else, but she called it Solitude. When she heard it there came before her imagination the figure of a man standing beside a desolate rock on the seashore. He was naked. His location was one of hopeless resignation as he looked toward a distant bird winging its flight away from him (38). This is what the relationship between Edna and Reisz is built on. Not scarce is it the artistic connection, but it is also the desire to be an individual that brings the two together. The song portrays an almost a vivid painting in the mind of Enda, the form of art that she enjoys.This particularly touches her because even though it is a different form of art, Edna still is able to understand and interpret it. In her mind, Reiszs song leaves her with the magician of being alone and free, a feeling that Edna longs to ask for herself. The sea, which resembles freedom and knowledge throughout the novel is placed as an obstacle for the man who can lonesome(prenominal) look at the bird that can go the some former(a) way and fly over the water.The resignation that the man and Edna feel are both in response to the way that they cannot free themselves completely from the land they are on, which can be understood as society itself, unlike the bird that they have to curb simply fly the other way. From this interaction between the two, it is apparent that Ednas relationship with Mademoiselle Reisz is based on the two understanding each other through them both being artists. Alongside of their artistic connection, Edna Pontellier looks up to Mademoiselle Reisz as the woman she aspires to be.Enda inadequacys to be an independent artist that is a maverick among the conventional people in the society just like Reisz is. This is evident in how the two characters interact. Chopin writes, When Mademoiselle Reisz came and touched her upon the shoulder and spoke to her, the woman seemed to echo the fantasy which was ever in Ednas mind or, better, the feeling which constantly possessed her (69). Edna is figuratively and literally touched by Reisz in this moment. Edna wishes to be free and split up the all of the responsibilities she has a a woman.She does not want to be in the habit of doing all the social responsibilities that are placed upon women. Reisz echoes the freedom that Edna wishes she had by touching her and almost giving her that independence she yearns for. We can see how Edna struggles on the inside with wanting to be free and independent from how the narrator refers to it as a feeling which constantly possessed her. The possession shows how Edna does not have control over this feeling and she will always want to be a free individual.Reisz communicates to Edna that it is possible break the social standards by touching her and telling her that it is possible to be different because Reisz has done it herself. The connection between the two in this changeover is one that is very much one that is mutu al and close. Mademoiselle Reisz provides Edna with enlightenment that possesses her, while Edna gives the most disagreeable and unpopular woman a true companionship in a society that is bias against independent women who defy the social convention. Reisz once again touches Edna similarly to how she had earlier on in the novel.Chopin writes, She put her ordnance around me and felt my shoulder blades, to see if my wings were warm, she said. The bird that would soar above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the indistinctlings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth (p. 127). Similar to the man from the song that wishes that he had wings like the bird to be free. Ednas wings that she can use overcome the tradition and prejudice of society are being checked by Mademoiselle Reisz to see if she is strong seemly to fly on her own. In addition, Edna s reached out to by Reisz and is comforted by her knowledge on how to be an individual. Edna wants to be free and is happy to meliorate by the fact that Reisz is there to help her. Although Reisz is there to help Edna, Reisz also does think it is a shame if Edna were to take apart in obtaining her independence. Mademoiselle Reisz calls it a spectacle which makes those who fail look ridiculous or like a fool. She is also telling Edna if she doesnt succeed that she will make herself a spectacle that the entire tradition on the ground, society, is going to see her fall as she makes herself look like a fool.We can also see that Edna does enjoy the presence of Resiz although it may be herculean on her at times. Chopin writes, There was nothing which so quieted the turmoil of Ednas senses as visit to Mademoiselle Reisz. It was then, in the presence of that personality which was offensive to her, that the woman, by her divine art, seemed to reach Ednas disembodied spirit and set it free (p. 120). At this point, Edna Pontellier feels as if the personality o f Reisz, which she seems to envy because of its complete freedom, is the only thing that reaches Ednas spirit and sets it free. Ednas world that is filled with struggle to be independent can only be calmed by the presence of her role model and deity, Mademoiselle Reisz. Since the relationship between Edna and Reisz is clearly one based on being independent women in a society that is prejudice against those whom that contravene the societal laws, the Ednas life and suicide can be understood with more lucidity. Ednas life through the novel is incontrovertibly a mimic of the life of Mademoiselle Reisz. Since Reisz is the independent and free woman Edna strives to be, Edna simply follows all the things that Reisz does.Edna returns back to paintingwhat does she want from painting, she no longer goes through the daily treadmill of the life which has been portioned out to us, and she no longer lets society command her what to do. Even though Edna is a free and independent woman by followin g the life style of her counterpart, Mademoiselle Reisz, Edna struggles to be completely free. She still has to deal with the return of her husband and most importantly living with her children. This struggle makes the seemingly independent woman, Edna, ultimately shoot suicide.Although Edna is fulfilled by her ability to initially take flight, gain freedom, Edna is just like weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth (p. 127). Because Ednas wings are weak she is unable to fly and be free. This is because of the burden on her placed by her family. With Roberts return, Edna again begins to feel the societal pressures that were absent while Robert was in Mexico. Edna is pressured into go backing into the daily treadmill of life because of her husband. This is one reason that she deicides to discontinue her life.Unlike Mademoiselle Reisz, Edna has a spouse whereas Reisz does not have a spouse that pressures her into conform to society. Therefore Ednas independence is ch allenged in her own home unlike Reisz whom is free to do as she wishes. Alongside of not having a spouse, Reisz does not have to worry about children dissimilar to Edna. This is key in understanding Ednas suicide because of the extent to which he children were a major component in her deciding to give up her life. Reisz does not have to worry about children so she is much more capable of being a free woman. On the other hand, Edna has to take care of her children.This makes a major difference for Edna because her children will most likely be affected by societys thoughts and opinions on their mother. Her children, the only people who should be able to love her unconditionally, will have to ultimately ostracize their mother if she was to be an independent woman. Edna also gives her life because she does not want to burden her own offspring with societys judgement and beliefs of their own mother. In conclusion, Edna is weak considering that she is unable to remain an independent women and that she decides to end her life sort of of taking power over her life.By submitting to death, Edna loses to society and ends her life for the interest of her children. Because she conforms in the end to what society wants her to do, take care of her children, Ednas death can be considered as a defeat. Mademoiselle Ratignolle, the prime example of someone that conforms to society expectations and beliefs, says that women should give their lives for their children. Edna does exactly that and therefore is not only weak, but dies as a woman with no independence or freedom.

Biology Lab for virtual school.. Lesson 1.04 Essay

When an object falls onto the surface, it has to push the piddle molecules apart. If the magnetic core of the weight of the object is scrimpy to match the attr affective forces between molecules in the surface layer, the object will not enter the surface.Molecules of most purifyings and soaps are long chain hydrocarbon molecules with an ionic gathering at one end, usually carrying a negative charge, consequently making it an anion.www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/soap_bubles.htmlWhen the drop of detergent is added to the powderiseed surface, the initial effect is to draw the powder back to the edges very rapidly as the detergent molecules form their own surface layer with a lower surface tension than the water. As the detergent gradually mixes with the water, the powder begins to sink, and a needle will now pass through the surface with ease under its own weight. However, the calcium and magnesium salts of umpteen detergent molecules are soluble, so detergents still lower the surface tension of hard waterEdutech.boisestate.edu/snetsonc/examples/surface-tension_tutorial.htmlHypothesisIf you add soap to water, than it will decrease the effect on the surface tension.ProcedureControl Is the tap waterIndependent Variable Is the soapDependent Variable Is the drops of soap you fit on the centime1. I received a beaker filled with tap water.2. I took a pipette and filled it up with water from the beaker. 3. I began to add drops of water to a penny, which was heads up, every one second from a height of centimeter and counting how many drops I had put on it. 4. After I added the drop that caused the water to flow over, I recorded how many drops stayed on the penny, and I then dried the penny with a paper towel. 5. I repeated steps both through four, four times.6. I took 100 ml of water and poured it into a beaker.7. I got 3 ml of soap.8. I added the 3 ml of soap to the beaker and excited the solution 40-50 times with a fresh pipette. 9. I filled the pipette wit h the soapy water solution and began to start adding drops of the solution to the kindred penny, from the distance of centimeter, at a rate of one drop per second. 10. After adding the drop that caused the soapy water to flow over, I recorded how many drops stayed on the penny, and I swear out the penny under running Water And dried it with a paper towel. 11. I repeated steps nine and ten, four more times.ObservationsThe soap is deep and the penny is rough. The tap water latest longer thanthe soapy waterDataDrops of Tap and Soapy Water Added to a PennyTrail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trail 4 Trail 5 AverageDrops of Tap Water 35 28 11 15 39 25.5 Drops of Soapy Water 20 16 11 26 15 1.3I got my average from using Microsoft ExcelConclusionI pay accepted my surmisal because of the results of the data from this lab. In my hypothesis I stated that the surface tension of the tap water is higher than that of soapy water. My data supports this hypothesis because the average drops of tap water th e penny could hold was 25.5 while the average drops of soapy water was 17.3 drops.This shows that soapy water has a lower surface tension, thus making it not able to hold as many drops of soapy water could on the penny. I noticed in my data that in trials 3 and 4 that the penny held more drops of soapy water than tap water. This was not in accord with my hypothesis, and I think it may have been due to a weakness in the experiment. When I used the pipette to suction water and then drop it onto the penny may not have been doing it exactly the same way each time. All in all, my experiment conducted that my hypothesis was correctApplicationThis relates back to the way soapy water and tap water act in everyday situations. The soap causes the surface tension to be less than that of water so if you poured soapy water onto a kitchen counter the solution would chase away as broadly as it could over the entire counter. Tap water on the other hand when spilled on a counter will naturally try to come together in water colonies. The molecule sin the tap water will move towards each other and stack on top of each other thus leaving some parts of the counter dry and some parts with canals of water.

Journalism around the world Essay

Tradition all(prenominal)y, the term international scrap referred to combats between different nation-states and conflicts between people and organizations in different nation-states. Increasingly, however, it also applies to inter-group conflicts within one nation when one group is fighting for independence or increased social, political, or economic power (e. g. , Chechnya, Kosovo). (Ref. 1) atomic number 23 long time into the 21st Century a dark and sinister cloud hangs over journalism nigh the world. More editors, chronicleers and media staffs are killed, targeted, kidnapped and subject to violence than ever before.Independent media are under intolerable ram. This pressure comes directly from ruthless terrorists, with no respect for civilisation and human rights, who have targeted and murdered journalists in all continents. In Iraq alone, more than 50 media staff have been killed by political extremists and criminals, in pursuit of a grotesque agenda of hatred. (Ref. 2) Ne w York, May 28, 2004Two Nipponese journalists and their Iraqi translator were killed on atomic number 90 night when their car came under antiaircraft gun by gunmen in Mahmoudiya, 20 miles (30 kilometers) south of Baghdad, harmonize to intelligence activity reports.Bangkok-based freelancer Shinsuke Hashida and his nephew Kotaro Ogawa, also a freelancer, had been traveling to Baghdad from the southern city of Samawah, where Japan has deployed hundreds of troops, when the attack occurred. Agence France-Presse (AFP) listed the translator as Mohamed Najmedin. The Associated Press account that both men were working for the Japanese tabloid daily Nikkan Gendai covering Japanese troops stationed in the southern city of Samawah. Japanese station NHK describe that the two journalists had also reported for several some other Japanese discussion organizations.The Japanese foreign ministry acknowledged the incident but has not confirmed the identities of those killed. According to some press reports, the journalists car burst into flames after the attack. Reuters news agency reported that the car was hit by rocket propelled grenade (RPG) fire. The driver, an Iraqi, who survived the incident and spoke with Japans NHK News utter he was able to exit the car before it exploded after the assault. Thursdays attack occurred in the same area where two Polish journalists were killed by gunmen on May 7 and two CNN employees were gunned down in January.Hashida was an experienced journalist who had covered several conflicts as a television reporter, according to Japanese media. At least 28 journalists (not including Hashida and Ogawa) have been killed in Iraq since the US-led war in Iraq began in run into 2003.At least seven other media workers have (International Journalism) also been killed. In other developments, U. S. television broadcaster NBC announced Friday that insurgents in Fallujah released three staffers and an Iraqi freelancercorrespondent Ned Colt, cameraman M aurice Roper, soundman Robert Colville, and journalist Ashraf al-Taie who had been kidnapped by armed insurgents on Tuesday. All four were released unharmed, and NBC said in a statement that local Iraqi leaders had mediated the releases when it was clear that the men were working as journalists. (Ref. 3)NBC said it did not previously report the abduction for security reasons. New York, December 11, 2003Two journalists working with the U. S. newsmagazine Time were wounded today in a grenade attack in Baghdad while accompanying U. S. troops. Senior correspondent Michael Weisskopf and photographer James Nachtwey suffered covert injuries when unidentified assailants threw a grenade into a Humvee the men were traveling in, Time managing editor Jim Kelly said in a written statement. Two soldiers in the Humvee were also injured in the attack, which occurred at about 930 p. m. The statement described both journalists as creation in stable condition and said they were awaiting modify to a U. S. military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany.CPJ is seeking more details at this time. (Ref. 4) It is not unknown in conflicts to find mass media recruited to support political objectives often at the expense of professional credibility. Indeed, this holds dead on target for almost all wars. But as peoples of one country turn against each other in ethnic conflict, journalists find themselves facing the grotesque choice of respecting their professional commitment to truth-seeking or risk being branded a traitor. In conflict situations there is always the danger that the media are conscripted by monarchal politicians to inspire, provoke and underwrite national fears and hatreds.Journalists who lend themselves to this physical process abandon their professional status and become propagandists. cultural conflict and strife are not a new phenomenon but in recent years we have seen an ever increasing fragmentation of human society. As Harold Isaacs put it in his book Idols of the sept We are experiencing ( ) an ingathering of people in numberless grouping of kinds tribal, racial, linguistic, religious, national. It is a great clustering into distinctness that will, it is thought, improve, assure, or extend each groups power or place, or keep it gumshoe or safer from the power, threat, or hostility of others. (Ref. 5)(International Journalism) Towards an accurate portrayal of all groups in society One of the most important challenges faced by the journalists during international conflicts is to portray groups on both sides of the conflict accurately. It is important for the journalists to be impartial while reporting aggression and human rights violations in the conflict bear upon areas. The journalists should become the component of the suppressed and worst affected group during the conflict.The main objective should be to need out the truth through reliable sources and create an atmosphere for compromise. Threat to life from various groups and anti-s ocial elements In covering and reporting international conflicts and warfare, journalists face threat to life from various anti-social elements and extremist groups. In their process to expose the culprit, journalists receive threats on a daily basis. The assignments are sometimes very dangerous which whitethorn involve covering the warfare and battlefield where bullets are being sprayed everywhere and shells are raining.With the international news agenda controlled by the worlds major media giants, it has become crucial to develop and strengthen media at the local level to maintain diversity of opinion. As media in many developing nations, such as Indonesia, move away from state control towards private enterprise, it is essential for local media to find their own voice and professional codes. A well developed media system with professionally trained journalists usually benefits both world(prenominal) and local audiences and provides a vital link to the outside world during conflic t situations.